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Ancient Egyptian trade consisted of the gradual creation of land and sea trade routes connecting the Ancient Egyptian civilization with the Fertile Crescent, Arabia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and India. ==Prehistoric transport and trade== Epipaleolithic Natufians carried parthenocarpic figs from Africa to the southwestern corner of the Fertile Crescent, c. 10,000 BCE. Later migrations out of the Fertile Crescent would carry early agricultural practices to neighboring regions—westward to Europe and North Africa, northward to Crimea, and eastward to Mongolia.〔M. Zvelebil, in ''Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming,'' M. Zvelebil (editor), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (1986) pp. 5–15, 167–188.〕〔P. Bellwood, ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies,'' Blackwell: Malden, MA (2005).〕〔M. Dokládal, J. Brožek, ''Curr. Anthropol. 2'' (1961) pp. 455–477.〕〔O. Bar-Yosef, ''Evol. Anthropol. 6'' (1998) pp. 159–177.〕〔M. Zvelebil, ''Antiquity'' 1989; 63 pp. 379–383.〕 The ancient peoples of the Sahara imported domesticated animals from Asia between 6000 and 4000 BCE. In Nabta Playa by the end of the 7th millennium BCE, prehistoric Egyptians had imported goats and sheep from Southwest Asia.〔( Fred Wendorf and Romuald Schild, 2000. ''Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa (Sahara), southwestern Egypt'' ).〕 Foreign artifacts dating to the 5th millennium BCE in the Badarian culture in Egypt indicate contact with distant Syria. In predynastic Egypt, by the beginning of the 4th millennium BCE, ancient Egyptians in Maadi were importing pottery as well as construction ideas from Canaan. By the 4th millennium BCE shipping was well established, and the donkey and possibly the dromedary had been domesticated. Domestication of the Bactrian camel and use of the horse for transport then followed. Charcoal samples found in the tombs of Nekhen, which were dated to the Naqada I and II periods, have been identified as cedar from Lebanon.〔 〕 Predynastic Egyptians of the Naqada I period also imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes.〔Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw (2000). Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors. "Stone," in ''Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology,'' Cambridge, 5-77, pp. 46–47. Also note: Barbara G. Aston (1994). "Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels," ''Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens'' 5, Heidelberg, pp. 23–26. (See on-line posts: () and ().)〕 The Naqadans traded with Nubia to the south, the oases of the western desert to the west, and the cultures of the eastern Mediterranean to the east. Pottery and other artifacts from the Levant that date to the Naqadan era have been found in ancient Egypt.〔( Branislav Andelkovic, 1995. ''The Relations between Early Bronze Age I Canaanites and Upper Egyptians'', Belgrade, p. 58, map 2 ). Branislav Andelkovic, 2002. Southern Canaan as an Egyptian Protodynastic Colony. ''Cahiers Caribéens d`Egyptologie'' 3-4: 75-92.〕 Egyptian artifacts dating to this era have been found in Canaan〔(Branislav Andelkovic, 1995, pp. 68–69, map 1 ); Branislav Andelkovic 2002.〕 and other regions of the Near East, including Tell Brak〔(''Places where cylinder seals similar to that from Naqada tomb 1863 have been found'' ).〕 and Uruk and Susa〔(Dominique Collon, 1987. ''First Impressions, Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East'', London, pp. 13–14 ).〕 in Mesopotamia. By the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, the gemstone lapis lazuli was being traded from its only known source in the ancient world—Badakhshan, in what is now northeastern Afghanistan—as far as Mesopotamia and Egypt. By the 3rd millennium BCE, the lapis lazuli trade was extended to Harappa, Lothal and Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley Civilization (Ancient India) of modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. The Indus Valley was also known as Meluhha, the earliest maritime trading partner of the Sumerians and Akkadians in Mesopotamia. The ancient harbor constructed in Lothal, India, around 2400 BCE is the oldest seafaring harbour known. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ancient Egyptian trade」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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